docs: create Netgrimoire/Nucking-Futz/Scripts/vhs_restoration
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Netgrimoire/Nucking-Futz/Scripts/vhs_restoration.md
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---
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title: Video Restoration Script
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description: Restore VHS Video Captures
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published: true
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date: 2026-03-06T03:48:05.841Z
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tags:
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editor: markdown
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dateCreated: 2026-03-06T03:48:05.841Z
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---
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# VHS Video Restoration — User Guide
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A pipeline script for cleaning up and upscaling old VHS captures on Ubuntu 24.04.
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Runs in two modes: a fast FFmpeg-only cleanup pass, and a full AI upscale using Real-ESRGAN.
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---
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## Requirements
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- **Ubuntu 24.04**
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- **FFmpeg** — `sudo apt install ffmpeg`
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- **bc** — `sudo apt install bc`
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- **Real-ESRGAN** (optional, for AI upscaling — see setup below)
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---
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## File Setup
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Place everything in a working folder with this structure:
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```
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~/your-folder/
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├── vhs_restore.sh
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├── realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan ← AI upscaler binary (optional)
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├── models/ ← Real-ESRGAN model files
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├── input/ ← Put your source videos here
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├── output/ ← Restored videos appear here
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└── work/ ← Temporary scratch files (auto-created)
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```
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Supported input formats: `.mpg`, `.mpeg`, `.mp4`, `.avi`, `.mov`, `.mkv`, `.wmv`, `.m4v`, `.ts`
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---
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## First-Time Setup
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```bash
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# Make the script executable
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chmod +x vhs_restore.sh
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# Create the input folder and add your videos
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mkdir input
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cp /path/to/your/videos/*.mpg input/
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```
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### Installing Real-ESRGAN (one-time, for AI upscaling)
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1. Download the latest Ubuntu release from:
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https://github.com/xinntao/Real-ESRGAN/releases
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→ look for `realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan-*-ubuntu.zip`
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2. Unzip into your working folder
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3. `chmod +x realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan`
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---
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## Running the Script
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### Quick cleanup only (recommended first pass)
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Fast — processes in a few minutes per file. No AI upscaling.
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```bash
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./vhs_restore.sh --no-ai
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```
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### Full pipeline with AI upscaling
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Slow on CPU (plan for several hours per hour of footage). Produces the best results.
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```bash
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./vhs_restore.sh
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```
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### All options
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| Flag | Description | Default |
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|------|-------------|---------|
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| `-i DIR` | Input directory | `./input` |
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| `-o DIR` | Output directory | `./output` |
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| `-w DIR` | Scratch/work directory | `./work` |
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| `-b PATH` | Path to Real-ESRGAN binary | `./realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan` |
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| `-s 2` or `-s 4` | Upscale factor | `2` |
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| `-q 16` | Output quality (0–51, lower = better) | `16` |
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| `--no-ai` | Skip AI upscaling, FFmpeg only | off |
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| `--keep` | Keep extracted PNG frames after processing | off |
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| `-h` | Show help | |
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**Examples:**
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```bash
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# Process files from a custom folder
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./vhs_restore.sh -i ~/Videos/VHS -o ~/Videos/Restored
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# 4x upscale with slightly smaller output file
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./vhs_restore.sh -s 4 -q 18
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# FFmpeg cleanup only, custom folders
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./vhs_restore.sh -i ~/Videos/VHS -o ~/Videos/Restored --no-ai
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```
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---
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## What the Script Does
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**Stage 1 — FFmpeg cleanup** (always runs):
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- Deinterlaces the video (`yadif`) — removes the horizontal combing artifacts common in VHS captures
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- Denoises (`hqdn3d=2:1:2:2`) — gentle noise reduction that avoids motion blocking
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- Sharpens edges (`unsharp`) — recovers detail softened by the denoise step
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- Colour corrects — boosts washed-out VHS colour, adjusts contrast and gamma, corrects the green/yellow cast common in aged tape
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**Stage 2 — Frame extraction** (AI mode only):
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- Extracts every frame as a PNG into a temporary folder
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**Stage 3 — Real-ESRGAN upscaling** (AI mode only):
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- Runs the `realesr-animevideov3` model on each frame
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- Default: 2× upscale (e.g. 640×480 → 1280×960)
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**Reassembly:**
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- Rebuilds the video from upscaled frames with the original audio
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---
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## Live Progress
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The script shows live FFmpeg output. Watch for:
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- `speed=3.5x` — processing at 3.5× realtime (good)
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- `speed=0.5x` — slow, likely a very heavy filter load
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- `corrupt decoded frame` — normal for damaged VHS files, FFmpeg will push through
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---
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## Troubleshooting
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**Script hangs with no output**
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Run with `--no-ai` first to confirm FFmpeg is working, then check that your Real-ESRGAN binary is executable (`chmod +x realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan`).
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**Output looks blocky during motion**
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The denoise values may still be too high for your footage. Edit the script and reduce `hqdn3d=2:1:2:2` to `hqdn3d=1:1:1:1`, or remove `hqdn3d` entirely — Real-ESRGAN handles noise well on its own.
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**Colour looks over-saturated**
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Reduce `saturation=1.8` in the filter chain to `saturation=1.4` or `1.2`.
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**Real-ESRGAN not found**
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Ensure the binary is in the same folder as the script and is executable. Or pass the path explicitly: `./vhs_restore.sh -b /path/to/realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan`
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**Error logs**
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All FFmpeg and Real-ESRGAN logs are saved to `/tmp/` for diagnosis:
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- `/tmp/ffmpeg_stage1.log`
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- `/tmp/ffmpeg_extract.log`
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- `/tmp/realesrgan.log`
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- `/tmp/ffmpeg_reassemble.log`
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---
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## Workflow Recommendation
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1. Run `--no-ai` first on one file to check the cleanup result
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2. If it looks good, run the full pipeline on all files overnight
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3. For heavily damaged footage, consider also running **CodeFormer** (face restoration) on top of the output — particularly effective if the video contains people
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---
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## Output
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Restored files are saved to `./output/` as `<original_name>_restored.mp4` encoded as H.264 with AAC audio.
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## vhs_restore.sh Script
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`#!/usr/bin/env bash
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# =============================================================================
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# vhs_restore.sh — Automated VHS Video Restoration Pipeline
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# Stages: Deinterlace → Denoise → Colour correct → AI Upscale → Reassemble
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#
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# Changes from v1:
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# - Gentle hqdn3d (2:1:2:2) to prevent motion blocking/pixelation
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# - Aggressive colour correction for washed-out VHS footage
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# - Live FFmpeg progress shown in terminal (no silent hanging)
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# - Logs still saved to /tmp/ for error diagnosis
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# =============================================================================
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set -euo pipefail
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# ── Colour output helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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RED='\033[0;31m'; GREEN='\033[0;32m'; YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
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CYAN='\033[0;36m'; BOLD='\033[1m'; NC='\033[0m'
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info() { echo -e "${CYAN}[INFO]${NC} $*"; }
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success() { echo -e "${GREEN}[OK]${NC} $*"; }
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warn() { echo -e "${YELLOW}[WARN]${NC} $*"; }
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error() { echo -e "${RED}[ERROR]${NC} $*" >&2; }
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header() { echo -e "\n${BOLD}${CYAN}══ $* ══${NC}"; }
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# ── Default configuration ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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INPUT_DIR="./input" # Folder containing your source VHS videos
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OUTPUT_DIR="./output" # Final restored videos land here
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WORK_DIR="./work" # Scratch space (frames, temp files)
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REALESRGAN_BIN="./realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan" # Path to Real-ESRGAN binary
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REALESRGAN_MODEL="realesr-animevideov3" # Best model for home video
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UPSCALE_FACTOR=2 # 2x or 4x (4x is very slow on CPU)
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OUTPUT_WIDTH=1920 # Target width used in --no-ai mode
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OUTPUT_HEIGHT=1080 # Target height used in --no-ai mode
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CRF=16 # Output quality 0-51, lower = better
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PRESET="slow" # FFmpeg encode preset
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SKIP_UPSCALE=false # --no-ai flag sets this true
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KEEP_FRAMES=false # --keep flag sets this true
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# ── Parse CLI flags ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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usage() {
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cat <<EOF
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Usage: $(basename "$0") [options]
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Options:
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-i DIR Input directory (default: ./input)
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-o DIR Output directory (default: ./output)
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-w DIR Work/scratch dir (default: ./work)
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-b PATH Path to realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan binary
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-s FACTOR Upscale factor: 2 or 4 (default: 2)
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-q CRF Output quality 0-51, lower=better (default: 16)
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--no-ai Skip Real-ESRGAN; FFmpeg cleanup only (fast)
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--keep Keep extracted frames after processing
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-h Show this help
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Examples:
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$(basename "$0") -i ~/Videos/VHS -o ~/Videos/Restored
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$(basename "$0") -i ~/Videos/VHS --no-ai # Quick cleanup only
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$(basename "$0") -i ~/Videos/VHS -s 4 -q 18 # 4x upscale
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EOF
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exit 0
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}
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while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
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case "$1" in
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-i) INPUT_DIR="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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-o) OUTPUT_DIR="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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-w) WORK_DIR="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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-b) REALESRGAN_BIN="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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-s) UPSCALE_FACTOR="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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-q) CRF="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--no-ai) SKIP_UPSCALE=true; shift ;;
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--keep) KEEP_FRAMES=true; shift ;;
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-h|--help) usage ;;
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*) error "Unknown option: $1"; usage ;;
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esac
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done
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# ── Dependency checks ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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header "Checking dependencies"
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check_cmd() {
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if command -v "$1" &>/dev/null; then
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success "$1 found"
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else
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error "$1 not found. Install with: $2"
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exit 1
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fi
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}
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check_cmd ffmpeg "sudo apt install ffmpeg"
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check_cmd ffprobe "sudo apt install ffmpeg"
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check_cmd bc "sudo apt install bc"
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if [[ "$SKIP_UPSCALE" == false ]]; then
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if [[ ! -x "$REALESRGAN_BIN" ]]; then
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warn "Real-ESRGAN binary not found at: $REALESRGAN_BIN"
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echo
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echo -e "${YELLOW}To install Real-ESRGAN:${NC}"
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echo " 1. Download: https://github.com/xinntao/Real-ESRGAN/releases"
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echo " -> realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan-*-ubuntu.zip"
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echo " 2. Unzip into this directory"
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echo " 3. chmod +x realesrgan-ncnn-vulkan"
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echo " 4. Re-run this script"
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echo
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echo "Or run with --no-ai for FFmpeg-only cleanup (no upscaling)."
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exit 1
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fi
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success "Real-ESRGAN found"
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fi
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# ── Locate input files ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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header "Scanning input directory: $INPUT_DIR"
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if [[ ! -d "$INPUT_DIR" ]]; then
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error "Input directory not found: $INPUT_DIR"
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exit 1
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fi
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mapfile -t VIDEO_FILES < <(find "$INPUT_DIR" -maxdepth 1 \
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-type f \( -iname "*.mp4" -o -iname "*.avi" -o -iname "*.mov" \
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-o -iname "*.mkv" -o -iname "*.mpg" -o -iname "*.mpeg" \
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-o -iname "*.wmv" -o -iname "*.m4v" -o -iname "*.ts" \) \
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| sort)
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if [[ ${#VIDEO_FILES[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
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error "No video files found in $INPUT_DIR"
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exit 1
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fi
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info "Found ${#VIDEO_FILES[@]} video file(s):"
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for f in "${VIDEO_FILES[@]}"; do echo " * $(basename "$f")"; done
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# ── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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probe() {
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ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 \
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-show_entries "stream=$2" -of csv=p=0 "$1" 2>/dev/null | head -1
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}
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human_time() {
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local s="${1%.*}"
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printf '%dh %dm %ds' $((s/3600)) $(( (s%3600)/60 )) $((s%60))
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}
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# ── Create directories ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR" "$WORK_DIR"
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# ── Overall stats ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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TOTAL_FILES=${#VIDEO_FILES[@]}
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PROCESSED=0
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FAILED=0
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PIPELINE_START=$(date +%s)
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# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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# MAIN LOOP
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# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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for INPUT_FILE in "${VIDEO_FILES[@]}"; do
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BASENAME=$(basename "$INPUT_FILE")
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STEM="${BASENAME%.*}"
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CLEANED="$WORK_DIR/${STEM}_cleaned.mp4"
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FRAMES_IN="$WORK_DIR/${STEM}_frames_in"
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FRAMES_OUT="$WORK_DIR/${STEM}_frames_out"
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FINAL_OUTPUT="$OUTPUT_DIR/${STEM}_restored.mp4"
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header "Processing: $BASENAME ($((PROCESSED+1))/$TOTAL_FILES)"
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FILE_START=$(date +%s)
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# ── Probe source ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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FPS=$(probe "$INPUT_FILE" "r_frame_rate")
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FPS_DEC=$(echo "scale=3; $FPS" | bc 2>/dev/null || echo "25")
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WIDTH=$(probe "$INPUT_FILE" "width")
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HEIGHT=$(probe "$INPUT_FILE" "height")
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FIELD_ORDER=$(probe "$INPUT_FILE" "field_order")
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DURATION=$(ffprobe -v error -show_entries format=duration \
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-of csv=p=0 "$INPUT_FILE" 2>/dev/null | head -1)
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||||||
|
info "Source: ${WIDTH}x${HEIGHT} ${FPS_DEC}fps $(human_time "${DURATION%.*}") field_order=${FIELD_ORDER:-unknown}"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Always deinterlace for VHS -- safe even if not flagged as interlaced
|
||||||
|
if [[ "$FIELD_ORDER" =~ ^(tt|tb|bt|bb)$ ]]; then
|
||||||
|
DEINTERLACE_FILTER="yadif=mode=1,"
|
||||||
|
info "Interlacing detected — applying yadif deinterlacer"
|
||||||
|
else
|
||||||
|
DEINTERLACE_FILTER="yadif=mode=1,"
|
||||||
|
warn "Interlacing not confirmed by probe — applying yadif anyway (safe for VHS)"
|
||||||
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# ── Stage 1: FFmpeg cleanup ───────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||||
|
header "Stage 1/3 — FFmpeg cleanup & colour correction"
|
||||||
|
info "Watch fps= and speed= for live progress."
|
||||||
|
info "Corrupt frame warnings are normal for old VHS captures."
|
||||||
|
echo
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if [[ "$SKIP_UPSCALE" == true ]]; then
|
||||||
|
SCALE_FILTER="scale=${OUTPUT_WIDTH}:${OUTPUT_HEIGHT}:flags=lanczos,"
|
||||||
|
else
|
||||||
|
SCALE_FILTER=""
|
||||||
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Filter chain notes:
|
||||||
|
# hqdn3d=2:1:2:2 -- gentle denoise; low temporal values (3rd/4th)
|
||||||
|
# prevent the motion blocking seen with higher values
|
||||||
|
# unsharp -- moderate sharpening to recover edge detail
|
||||||
|
# eq -- aggressive colour boost for washed-out VHS
|
||||||
|
# colorbalance -- corrects the green/yellow cast common in aged VHS
|
||||||
|
VFILTER="${DEINTERLACE_FILTER}\
|
||||||
|
hqdn3d=2:1:2:2,\
|
||||||
|
unsharp=3:3:0.5:3:3:0.3,\
|
||||||
|
eq=contrast=1.2:brightness=0.05:saturation=1.8:gamma=1.1,\
|
||||||
|
colorbalance=rs=0.1:gs=0.0:bs=-0.1,\
|
||||||
|
${SCALE_FILTER}\
|
||||||
|
format=yuv420p"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if ! ffmpeg -y -i "$INPUT_FILE" \
|
||||||
|
-vf "$VFILTER" \
|
||||||
|
-c:v libx264 -crf 18 -preset medium \
|
||||||
|
-c:a aac -b:a 192k -ac 2 \
|
||||||
|
-stats \
|
||||||
|
"$CLEANED" 2>&1 | tee /tmp/ffmpeg_stage1.log | \
|
||||||
|
grep --line-buffered -E "(frame=|speed=|error|Error|Invalid)"; then
|
||||||
|
error "FFmpeg stage 1 failed. Full log: /tmp/ffmpeg_stage1.log"
|
||||||
|
FAILED=$((FAILED+1))
|
||||||
|
continue
|
||||||
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
echo
|
||||||
|
success "Stage 1 complete -> $(du -sh "$CLEANED" | cut -f1)"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if [[ "$SKIP_UPSCALE" == true ]]; then
|
||||||
|
cp "$CLEANED" "$FINAL_OUTPUT"
|
||||||
|
success "Output (no AI): $FINAL_OUTPUT"
|
||||||
|
PROCESSED=$((PROCESSED+1))
|
||||||
|
[[ "$KEEP_FRAMES" == false ]] && rm -f "$CLEANED"
|
||||||
|
continue
|
||||||
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# ── Stage 2: Extract frames ───────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||||
|
header "Stage 2/3 — Extracting frames for AI upscaling"
|
||||||
|
mkdir -p "$FRAMES_IN" "$FRAMES_OUT"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
FRAME_COUNT=$(ffprobe -v error -count_packets \
|
||||||
|
-select_streams v:0 -show_entries stream=nb_read_packets \
|
||||||
|
-of csv=p=0 "$CLEANED" 2>/dev/null | head -1)
|
||||||
|
FRAME_COUNT=${FRAME_COUNT:-0}
|
||||||
|
info "Extracting ~${FRAME_COUNT} frames..."
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if ! ffmpeg -y -i "$CLEANED" \
|
||||||
|
-vsync 0 -stats \
|
||||||
|
"$FRAMES_IN/frame%08d.png" 2>&1 | tee /tmp/ffmpeg_extract.log | \
|
||||||
|
grep --line-buffered -E "(frame=|speed=|error|Error)"; then
|
||||||
|
error "Frame extraction failed. Full log: /tmp/ffmpeg_extract.log"
|
||||||
|
FAILED=$((FAILED+1))
|
||||||
|
continue
|
||||||
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ACTUAL_FRAMES=$(find "$FRAMES_IN" -name "*.png" | wc -l)
|
||||||
|
echo
|
||||||
|
success "Extracted $ACTUAL_FRAMES frames"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# ── Stage 3: Real-ESRGAN ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||||
|
header "Stage 3/3 — Real-ESRGAN AI upscaling (${UPSCALE_FACTOR}x)"
|
||||||
|
warn "Slow on CPU — est. $(echo "scale=0; $ACTUAL_FRAMES * 10 / 60" | bc)-$(echo "scale=0; $ACTUAL_FRAMES * 30 / 60" | bc) minutes"
|
||||||
|
info "Upscaled frames will appear in: $FRAMES_OUT"
|
||||||
|
echo
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
UPSCALE_START=$(date +%s)
|
||||||
|
if ! "$REALESRGAN_BIN" \
|
||||||
|
-i "$FRAMES_IN" \
|
||||||
|
-o "$FRAMES_OUT" \
|
||||||
|
-n "$REALESRGAN_MODEL" \
|
||||||
|
-s "$UPSCALE_FACTOR" \
|
||||||
|
-f png 2>&1 | tee /tmp/realesrgan.log; then
|
||||||
|
error "Real-ESRGAN failed. Full log: /tmp/realesrgan.log"
|
||||||
|
FAILED=$((FAILED+1))
|
||||||
|
continue
|
||||||
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
UPSCALE_END=$(date +%s)
|
||||||
|
UPSCALE_ELAPSED=$((UPSCALE_END - UPSCALE_START))
|
||||||
|
success "AI upscaling complete in $(human_time $UPSCALE_ELAPSED)"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# ── Reassemble ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||||
|
REASSEMBLE_FPS=$(ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 \
|
||||||
|
-show_entries stream=r_frame_rate \
|
||||||
|
-of csv=p=0 "$CLEANED" 2>/dev/null | head -1)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
info "Reassembling video from upscaled frames..."
|
||||||
|
echo
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if ! ffmpeg -y \
|
||||||
|
-framerate "$REASSEMBLE_FPS" \
|
||||||
|
-i "$FRAMES_OUT/frame%08d.png" \
|
||||||
|
-i "$CLEANED" \
|
||||||
|
-map 0:v -map 1:a \
|
||||||
|
-c:v libx264 -crf "$CRF" -preset "$PRESET" \
|
||||||
|
-c:a copy \
|
||||||
|
-movflags +faststart \
|
||||||
|
-stats \
|
||||||
|
"$FINAL_OUTPUT" 2>&1 | tee /tmp/ffmpeg_reassemble.log | \
|
||||||
|
grep --line-buffered -E "(frame=|speed=|error|Error)"; then
|
||||||
|
error "Reassembly failed. Full log: /tmp/ffmpeg_reassemble.log"
|
||||||
|
FAILED=$((FAILED+1))
|
||||||
|
continue
|
||||||
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# ── Cleanup ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||||
|
if [[ "$KEEP_FRAMES" == false ]]; then
|
||||||
|
rm -rf "$FRAMES_IN" "$FRAMES_OUT" "$CLEANED"
|
||||||
|
info "Scratch files cleaned up"
|
||||||
|
else
|
||||||
|
info "Frames kept in: $FRAMES_IN / $FRAMES_OUT"
|
||||||
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
FILE_END=$(date +%s)
|
||||||
|
FILE_ELAPSED=$((FILE_END - FILE_START))
|
||||||
|
PROCESSED=$((PROCESSED+1))
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
OUT_SIZE=$(du -sh "$FINAL_OUTPUT" | cut -f1)
|
||||||
|
echo
|
||||||
|
success "Done: $FINAL_OUTPUT"
|
||||||
|
info " File size : $OUT_SIZE"
|
||||||
|
info " Time taken: $(human_time $FILE_ELAPSED)"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
done
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
|
||||||
|
# Final summary
|
||||||
|
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
|
||||||
|
PIPELINE_END=$(date +%s)
|
||||||
|
PIPELINE_ELAPSED=$((PIPELINE_END - PIPELINE_START))
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
header "Pipeline Complete"
|
||||||
|
echo -e " ${GREEN}Processed : $PROCESSED / $TOTAL_FILES${NC}"
|
||||||
|
[[ $FAILED -gt 0 ]] && echo -e " ${RED}Failed : $FAILED${NC}"
|
||||||
|
echo -e " Total time: $(human_time $PIPELINE_ELAPSED)"
|
||||||
|
echo -e " Output dir: $OUTPUT_DIR"
|
||||||
|
echo
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if [[ $PROCESSED -gt 0 ]]; then
|
||||||
|
echo "Restored files:"
|
||||||
|
find "$OUTPUT_DIR" -name "*_restored.mp4" | while read -r f; do
|
||||||
|
SIZE=$(du -sh "$f" | cut -f1)
|
||||||
|
echo " * $(basename "$f") ($SIZE)"
|
||||||
|
done
|
||||||
|
fi
|
||||||
|
`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue